来源:https://www.nationalgeographic.org/standards/national-geography-standards/
“Geography is for life in every sense of that expression:
lifelong, life-sustaining, and life-enhancing.”
“地理在任何意义上都是为了生活:终身生活、维持生活、改进生活。”
Standard
|
Description(表述)
|
Essential
Element
(基本要素)
|
1
|
How to use maps and other geographic representations,
geospatial technologies, and spatial thinking to understand and communicate
information
|
The World in
Spatial Terms
|
2
|
How to use mental maps to organize information about
people, places, and environments in a spatial context
|
The World in
Spatial Terms
|
3
|
How to analyze the spatial organization of people,
places, and environments on Earth's surface
|
The World in
Spatial Terms
|
4
|
The physical and human characteristics of places
|
Places and
Regions
|
5
|
That people create regions to interpret Earth's
complexity
|
Places and
Regions
|
6
|
How culture and experience influence people's
perceptions of places and regions
|
Places and
Regions
|
7
|
The physical processes that shape the patterns of
Earth's surface
|
Physical Systems
|
8
|
The characteristics and spatial distribution of
ecosystems and biomes on Earth's surface
|
Physical Systems
|
9
|
The characteristics, distribution, and migration of
human populations on Earth's surface
|
Human Systems
|
10
|
The characteristics, distribution, and complexity of
Earth's cultural mosaics
|
Human Systems
|
11
|
The patterns and networks of economic
interdependence on Earth's surface
|
Human Systems
|
12
|
The processes, patterns, and functions of human
settlement
|
Human Systems
|
13
|
How the forces of cooperation and conflict among
people influence the division and control of Earth's surface
|
Human Systems
|
14
|
How human actions modify the physical environment
|
Environment and
Society
|
15
|
How physical systems affect human systems
|
Environment and
Society
|
16
|
The changes that occur in the meaning, use,
distribution, and importance of resources
|
Environment and
Society
|
17
|
How to apply geography to interpret the past
|
The Uses of
Geography
|
18
|
How to apply geography to interpret the present and
plan for the future.
|
The Uses of Geography
|
一、空间表述中的世界
1.如何使用地图和其他地理表述方式,地理空间技术和空间思维来理解和交流信息
2.如何使用心理地图来组织空间背景中的人口,地方和环境的信息
3.如何分析地球表面有关人口、地方和环境的空间结构
二、地方和区域
4.地方的自然和人文特征
5.人类通过划分区域来解释地球上的复杂性
6.文化和经验如何影响人们对地方和区域的认识
三、自然系统
7.塑造地球表面形态的自然过程
8.地球表面生态系统和生物群落的特征和空间分布(spatial distribution)
四、人文系统
9.地球表面人口的特征、分布和迁移
10.世界文化相互嵌合(cultural mosaics文化马赛克)的特点,分布和复杂性
11.地球表面经济相互依存的模式和网络
12.人类聚落的形成过程、模式和功能
13.人类之间的合作与冲突的力量,如何影响地球表面的分歧和统治(division and control)
五、环境与社会
14.人类的行为如何调整适应(modify)自然环境
15.自然系统如何影响人类系统
16.资源利用、调配的重要性,改变资源利用方式的意义
六、地理的应用
17.如何应用地理学解释过去
18.如何应用地理学解释现在、规划未来